(PDF) Neglected Tropical Diseases – Oceania By Alex Loukas

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Table of Contents

1: Cholera in Oceania
Introduction
Definition of Cholera
Global Pandemics of Cholera and Associated V. cholerae Strains
Cholera as a Neglected Tropical Disease
The History of Cholera in Oceania
Cholera Outbreak in Papua New Guinea
Cholera Control at the Country Level
The Epidemiology of Cholera in Oceania: Gaps in Knowledge Remain
Existing Tools for the Prevention and Mitigation of Cholera Outbreaks in Oceania
Clinical Considerations
Laboratory Diagnosis and Surveillance
Future Challenges for Cholera Control in Oceania
References
2: Hookworm Infection in Oceania
Hookworm Disease in Oceania
A History of Hookworm Discovery in Oceania
Pacific Islands and Papua New Guinea
Australia
Geographical Prevalence and Intensity of Hookworm Infections in Oceania
Melanesia
Papua New Guinea
Papua and West Irian Jaya (Indonesia)
The Solomon Islands
Fiji
Vanuatu and New Caledonia
Micronesia
Polynesia
Australia
New Zealand
Eosinophilic Enteritis Caused by the Dog Hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
References
3: Strongyloidiasis in Oceania
Strongyloides of Humans in Oceania
Strongyloides stercoralis
Clinical Manifestations
Gastrointestinal
Other Organs
Septicaemia and Local Sepsis
Association with HTLV1
Diagnosis
Serology
Diagnosis from Faeces
Other Samples
Treatment
Epidemiology
Australia
New Zealand
Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs)
Fiji
Mariana Islands
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Environmental Health
Control
Prevention
Systems Approach
Australian Indigenous Issues
Strongyloides kellyi in Papua New Guinea
History
Geographical Distribution
Patterns of Infection
Transmission
Clinical Signs
Swollen Belly Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Emergence
Specific Evidence Needs for Strongyloidiasis in Oceania
Dedication
References
4: Lymphatic Filariasis in Oceania
Introduction
Scope of the Review
Results of the Search Strategy
Filariasis Endemicity by Country in Oceania
Filariasis Infection in the Mosquito Population in Oceania
Filariasis Infection in the Human Population in Oceania
Filariasis Morbidity in the Human Population in Oceania
Filariasis Transmission Dynamics in the Mosquito
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5: Yaws in Oceania: New Tools for the Global Eradication Campaign
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Features of Yaws in Oceania
Diagnostic Tools Developed in Oceania
Treatment in Oceania
Mass Treatment Campaigns in Progres
Challenges to Achieve Elimination in Oceania
References
6: Plasmodium vivax in Oceania
Introduction
Difference in Biology Between P. vivax and P. falciparum
History of P. vivax Malaria in Oceania (1900–2000)
The Current State of P. vivax in Oceania (2000–2015)
Patterns of P. vivax Infection and Illness in Malaria-Endemic Oceanic Countries
Acquisition of Immunity
Drug-Resistant P. vivax and Current Treatment Strategies
Severe Manifestations of P. vivax
Recent Successes in Controlling Malaria in SW Pacific
Perspectives on Control and Elimination
Commitment to Elimination
Current Programmatic Goals of Malaria-Endemic Oceanic Countries
Challenges and Tools Required for P. vivax Elimination
References
7: Human Leptospirosis in Oceania
Introduction
Ecology and Transmission Pathways
Environment
Animals
Humans
Clinical Diagnosis and Management
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Oceania
Australia and New Zealand
Pacific Island Countries and Territories
Changing Epidemiology and Future Risk in Oceania
Prevention and Control
References
8: Arboviruses of Oceania
Introduction
Transmission Cycles
The Context of Arboviruses in Oceania
Arboviruses of Medical Importance in Oceania: Alphaviruses
Ross River Virus
Clinical Disease
RRV Ecology
RRV Epidemiology
Barmah Forest Virus
Clinical Disease
BFV Ecology
Epidemiology
Chikungunya Virus
Clinical Disease
Ecology
Epidemiology
Arboviruses of Medical Importance in Oceania: Flaviviruses
Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus
Clinical Disease
Ecology
Epidemiology
West Nile Virus
Clinical Disease
Ecology
Epidemiology
Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Clinical Disease
Ecology
Epidemiology
Zika Virus
Clinical Disease
Ecology
Epidemiology
Prevention and Control of Arboviral Disease in Oceania
Disease and Arbovirus Surveillance
Diagnostics
Treatment of Disease Attributed to Arbovirus Infection
Prevention and Control Strategies
Human Vaccination
Vector Control
Control Measures Targeting Vertebrate Hosts
Community Education and Personal Protection
The Future
References
9: Dengue: Emergence, Determinants and Climate Change
Dengue Transmission Cycles
The High Cost of Dengue
Dengue Manifestations
Emergence and Geographic Spread of Dengue
Determinants of Dengue Transmission
Impact of Climatic Change on Dengue
References
10: Scabies
Scabies Overview and Biology
Pacific Epidemiology
Fiji
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Samoa
Australia and New Zealand
Global Comparisons
Social, Cultural, Environmental, and Economic Aspects
Climate and Global Patterns of Disease
Clinical Summary
Crusted Scabies
Link with Pyoderma
Quality of Life
Diagnosis
Treatment
New Research on Scabies
Malnutrition, Diet, and Infectious Diseases
References
11: Melioidosis: A Neglected Bacterial Infection Associated with High Mortality
Introduction and Epidemiology
Melioidosis in Oceania
Burkholderia pseudomallei: The Causative Agent of Melioidosis
Melioidosis Is Associated with Diverse Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis of Melioidosis
Intensive and Eradication Therapy for Melioidosis
Host Immunity to Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection
Evasion of Host Immune Responses by Burkholderia pseudomallei
References