(PDF) Pediatric Vascular Neurosurgery – Principles and Practice of Neurovascular Disorders (Part 1) By Abhishek Agrawal

This is the PDF eBook version for Pediatric Vascular Neurosurgery – Principles and Practice of Neurovascular Disorders (Part 1) By Abhishek Agrawal

Table of Contents

Contributors
1: Evolution of Endovascular Treatment in Pediatric Population
Introduction
History of Endovascular Techniques and Tools
Aneurysm
AV Malformation
AVFs
References
2: Cranial Vascular Anatomy and Its Variations
Arterial Cranial Anatomy and Variations
Anterior Circulation
Posterior Circulation
Anastomotic Pathways
Venous Cranial Anatomy and Variations
References
3: Spinal Vascular Anatomy with Variations
Arterial Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Column
Embryological Considerations of Spinal Arterial Anatomy
Spinal Extradural Arterial Anatomy
Spinal Cord Extrinsic and Parenchymal Arterial Anatomy
Venous Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Column
Spinal Cord Intrinsic Venous Anatomy
Spinal Cord Extrinsic Venous Anatomy
Spinal Extradural Venous Anatomy
Highlights of Spinal Vascular Anatomy
References
4: Pediatric Vascular Neurology and Syndromes
Anterior Circulation Syndromes
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
Anterior Choroidal Artery
Posterior Circulation Syndromes
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Paramedian Artery
Tuberothalamic Artery
Inferolateral Artery
Posterior Choroidal Artery
Vertebrobasilar Syndromes
Watershed Syndromes
Spinal Cord Syndromes
Anterior Spinal Artery
Posterior Spinal Artery
References
5: Pediatric Neuroanesthesia
Introduction
Developmental Changes
Management of Anesthesia
Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation
Induction
Airway Considerations
Vascular Access
Positioning
Maintenance Anesthesia
Intraoperative Fluid and Temperature Management
Brain Bulk Reduction
Neurophysiologic Monitoring
Anesthetic Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain
Pediatric Vascular Neurosurgery
References
6: Pediatric Neurocritical Care
Introduction
Traumatic Brain Injury
Pediatric TBI Management
Cervical Spine and Airway Management
Intracranial Hypertension Management (See Also Table 6.2)
Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury
Stroke
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation and Management
Status Epilepticus (SE)
Management
Multimodal Cerebral Monitoring
Partial Brain Tissue Oxygen Tension (PbtO2)
Jugular Venous Oximetry (SjvO2)
Cerebral Microdialysis
Thermal Diffusion Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Oximetry
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound
References
7: Pediatric Neurovascular Imaging (CT/MRI/Ultrasound)
Introduction
Neuroimaging Techniques
Ultrasonography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Intracranial Vascular Lesions in Children
Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Children
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Cerebral Aneurysm
Cavernous Angioma and Developmental Venous Anomaly (DVA)
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) and Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation (VGAM)
References
8: Vascular Interventional Neuro-angiography
Introduction
Indications and Alternatives
Complications
Anesthesia
Contrast
Radiation
Access
Catheterization
Closure
References
9: Pediatric Arteriovenous Malformations
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Presentation
Imaging and Diagnostics
Treatment
Technique
References
10: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations
Introduction
Anatomy and Embryology
Classification Schemes
Clinical Features and Pathophysiology
Evaluation and Treatment
Summary
References
11: Capillary Telangiectasias
General
Histological Features
Radiographic Features
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Cerebral Angiography
Clinical Presentation
Asymptomatic
Symptomatic Without Hemorrhage
Symptomatic with Hemorrhage
Development
Neurosurgical Management
Conservative Therapy
Neurosurgical Resection
References
12: Developmental Venous Anomaly
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Neuroimaging of Developmental Venous Anomalies
Association with Other Vascular Malformations
Adjacent Brain Parenchymal Changes
DVA in the Neonatal Period
DVA in the Pediatric Tumor Patients
DVA Associated with Other Diseases
Treatment
References
13: Sinus Pericranii
Embryological and Anatomical Considerations
Clinical Presentation and Natural History
Imaging Features
Computer Tomography
Color Doppler Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Angiography
Treatment
References
14: Infectious Aneurysms
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis & Imaging
Treatment
Antibiotics
Microsurgical Treatment
Endovascular Treatment
Treatment Algorithms
Outcome
References
15: Pediatric Stroke
Introduction
Epidemiology
Incidence
Ethnicity and Sex
Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Definitions
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Investigations
Management
Outcome
Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Definitions
Mechanisms of Ischemic Stroke
Risk Factors
Arteriopathies
Arterial Dissection
Moyamoya Disease and Moyamoya Syndrome
Vasculitis
Transient Cerebral Arteriopathy and Post-varicella Arteriopathy
Genetic Disease
Metabolic Disease
Hematologic Disease
Clinical Presentation
Investigations
Management
Supportive Care
Intravenous Thrombolysis
Intra-arterial Thrombolysis
Stroke Recurrence and Secondary Stroke Prevention
Outcomes
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Perinatal Hemorrhagic Stroke
Definitions
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Investigations
Management
Outcome
Childhood Hemorrhagic Stroke
Definitions
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Investigations
Management
Rebleeding
Treatment of Vasospasm
Risk of Recurrence
Outcome
References
16: Pediatric Moyamoya Disease: Indirect Revascularization
Introduction
Epidemiology
Presentation
Indications for Revascularization
Indirect Bypass Procedures
Indirect Bypass Techniques Using Adjacent Tissue
Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS)
Encephalogaleoperiostealsynangiosis (EGPS)
Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS)
Modified EDAS Pial Synangiosis
Modified EDAS Split-dural Technique
Encephaloduroarteriomyosynangiosis (EDAMS)
Multiple Burr Holes (MBH)
Indirect Bypass Techniques Using Distant Tissue
Omental-Cranial Transposition
Gracilis Muscle- Cranial Transplantation
Combined Indirect Techniques
Combined Indirect and Direct Procedures
Outcome
Outcome of Indirect Techniques in Isolation
Comparison Between the Different Indirect Techniques
Comparison Between Direct and Indirect Bypasses
References
17: Moyamoya Bypasses
Introduction
Operative Technique for Indirect Revascularization
Operative Technique for Direct Revascularization
Anesthetic Considerations
Checking Graft Patency
Post-operative Management
Outcomes
References
18: Anticoagulation and Thrombolysis in the Pediatric Population
Introduction
Ischemic Stroke
Acute Therapy
Secondary Prevention
Pharmacologic Thrombolysis
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Local Thrombolysis and/or Thrombectomy for Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis and Acute Ischemic St
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Other Therapies for Pediatric Stroke
References
19: Embolization of Pediatric Intracranial and Skull Base Vascular Tumors
Introduction
Specific Pediatric Neurological Tumors Amenable to Embolization
Indications
Embolic Agents
Particle Embolic Agents
Liquid Embolic Agents
Embolization
Anesthesia
Radiation Protection in Pediatric Angiography
Contrast Media
Pre-embolization Angiography
Anticoagulation
Embolization Technique
Complications
References
20: Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Pediatric Neurovascular Diseases
Introduction
History
Patient Selection
Timing
Technique
Multi-stage Treatment
Outcomes
Complications
Cavernous Malformations
Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
References
21: Intra-arterial Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Patient Selection
Intra-arterial Chemotherapy Agents
General Procedure
Procedural Considerations
Safety Considerations
Post Operative Care
Summary
References
22: Sclerotherapy
Pediatric Extracranial Vascular Anomalies
Sclerotherapy Agents
Conclusion
References
Index